Who is leningrad

The Nazis began their siege of Leningrad on September 8, — trying to starve the USSR's second-largest city into submission just a few months after launching their invasion of the country in Operation Barbarossa. For days, the inhabitants of this industrial centre now known by its original name, Saint Petersburg , went through hell as hunger, cold and bombardments killed nearly a million people.

Grandma died on January 25 at three in the afternoon. Leka died on March 5 at five in the morning. The Savichevs are dead. Everyone is dead. Tania is all alone. Evacuated before the end of the siege, Savitcheva died of exhaustion on July 1, She became a symbol of this day siege — the longest in modern history until that of Sarajevo from to — after her elder sister Nina, who had managed to escape the surrounded city, discovered and published the diary.

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What's inferential statistics all about? More than two million residents remained, however, and the evacuated were replaced by refugees who fled to Leningrad ahead of the German advance.

By the end of July, German forces had cut the Moscow-Leningrad railway and were penetrating the outer belt of the fortifications around Leningrad. Aiming to tighten the noose around Leningrad, the Germans launched an offensive to the east in October and cut off the last highways and rail lines south of the city. Meanwhile, Finnish forces advanced down the Karelian Isthmus which had been seized from Finland by the Soviets during the Russo-Finnish War of to and besieged Leningrad from the north.

By early November, the city was almost completely encircled, and only across Lake Ladoga was a supply lifeline possible. German artillery and air bombardments came several times a day during the first months of the siege. The daily ration for civilians was reduced to grams of bread, no more than a thick slice. Starvation set in by December, followed by the coldest winter in decades, with temperatures falling to degrees Fahrenheit.

People worked through the winter in makeshift armament factories without roofs, building the weapons that kept the Germans just short of victory. Residents burned books and furniture to stay warm and searched for food to supplement their scarce rations. Animals from the city zoo were consumed early in the siege, followed before long by household pets.

Wallpaper paste made from potatoes was scraped off the wall, and leather was boiled to produce an edible jelly. Grass and weeds were cooked, and scientists worked to extract vitamins from pine needles and tobacco dust. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, resorted to cannibalizing the dead, and in a few cases people were murdered for their flesh. The Leningrad police struggled to keep order and formed a special division to combat cannibalism. Across frozen Lake Ladoga, trucks made it to Leningrad with supplies, but not enough.

Thousands of residents, mostly children and the elderly, were evacuated across the lake, but many more remained in the city and succumbed to starvation, the bitter cold, and the relentless German air attacks.

A reconnaissance group on skis explored and marked possible routes. Places with thin ice were bridged using tree trunks and crushed blocks of ice. That was how the legendary ice road - officially named Military Road No. It was known by the residents of Leningrad as the "Road of Life".

Horse-drawn sleighs were the first vehicles on the ice road. Starving horses had to pull goods and people along the treacherous snow-covered path. Not all managed to finish the distance. But, many horses with urgently needed food returned to the city. When the last stocks of flour ran out, bakers tried to make bread substitutes with dust. Eventually, trucks with food also began to drive across the ice road. The first ones to return loaded with goods were welcomed with cheers as well as tears.

But, in the first two weeks alone, trucks broke through the ice and sank. The drivers - among them many young women - delivered their vital supplies to the starving city.

Even totally exhausted, they continued their work. They had to fight against hunger, cold and the danger of falling asleep at the wheel. The truckers attached cooking pots on the front of the cab so that the noise would keep them awake.

During the winter of , the daily bread ration in Leningrad was only grams per person. Contemporary witnesses claim that the piece of bread displayed in St. Petersburg's Road of Life museum is significantly larger than the bread ration at the time. The bread was made of a mixture unthinkable today and contained bark, bran, pomace, pine needles and a bit of flour. During the second winter of the siege, thousands were evacuated across the ice road.

People had to wait at Leningrad's Finland train station for the next opportunity to leave the city. But there wasn't enough space on the trains to bring all the people to the lake. Many of them — mainly children — died before they could start their journey across the frozen lake.

The siege of Leningrad lasted a total of days. More than one million people died. Nearly 1. The modern highway which today leads to the western shore of Lake Ladoga has nothing to do with the life-saving Road of Life. The road which led to the lake during the siege was hilly and twisting and was often shelled by Nazi artillery.

Today, the road seems idyllic and peaceful.